chewing and water consumption on satiety

[Liz Hill]

Hello,
 
Thank you all for your thoughts on increasing chewing time and drinking
water in effort to decrease hunger, increase satiety, and decrease
consumption in subsequent meals.
 
Many comments I received referred to the studies indicating that the
consumption of soups and other low energy density foods had this effect.
Evidence for this is fairly solid.  I was interested in liquid water
consumption.  The only study called to my attention to support it (although
I have not yet reviewed it myself) was:
 
Lappalainen R, Mennen L, van Weert L, Mykkanen H.
Drinking water with a meal: a simple method of coping with feelings of
hunger, satiety and desire to eat.
Eur J Clin Nutr 1993 Nov;47(11):815-9.
 
On the converse:
Rolls B, Bell E, Thorwart M
Water incorporated into food but not served with a food decreases energy
intake in lean women.
Am J Clinical Nutr 1999 70(4):448-55.
 
(note: this is with lean subjects)
 
On the issue of chewing time, the following was the only study called to my
attention to support:
 
Spiegel TA, Wadden TA, Foster GD
Objective Measurement of Eating Rate During Behavioral Treatment of Obesity
Behav Ther 22(1): 61-67, 1991
 
I have not yet reviewed this article either, but I wanted to pass on the
information while this topic was still fresh in our minds.  The individual
who passed this citation on to me did note that the subject number was
small.  
 
Other comments I received not posted to the list:
 
"Finally-I think you're likely hitting the common problem with weight.
There is sometimes research on animals and/or on humans in controlled
clinical settings or in epidemiology, which shows a role for something in
satiety (e.g. dietary fiber, water).  However, it doesn't hold up as well in
longer-term intervention trials or real world settings.  I think likely the
role of each one is very small, and so only shows up when all else is
controlled for or in epi studies where the N is huge.  And/or, as I've heard
some researchers suggest, when we hit the real world-these factors pale in
comparison to many environmental reasons that people eat; so whether they
have foods high in water or fiber for breakfast to feel fuller, they eat
lunch at noon because that's the time to eat lunch-hunger or not."
 
 
Thanks again for your input,
Liz Hill, RD 
Nutrition Information Specialist 
Food and Nutrition Information Center 
USDA/National Agricultural Library 
Beltsville,  MD  20705-2351 
email:   lhill at nal.usda.gov 
webpage:  <http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/> http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/ 
phone:  (301) 504-6415 
 
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